Resumen
Objetivo – Analisar como os níveis de Habilidade Política na Organização e Engajamento no Trabalho variam entre gestores de diferentes níveis hierárquicos no cenário estudado.
Referencial Teórico – A pesquisa tem como base a literatura sobre liderança alinhada a estudos recentes sobre política e engajamento nos ambientes laborais.
Metodologia – As diferenças nas variáveis do estudo, seus efeitos e relações foram verificadas por Análise Multivariada da Variância em uma amostra (n=308) com profissionais provenientes de três segmentos da iniciativa privada brasileira. O instrumento de medida para habilidade política foi adaptado e validado para o português.
Resultados – O nível hierárquico afetou a interação linear entre Engajamento e Habilidade Política, porém, no cenário estudado a política teve um papel maior nessa dinâmica. Os resultados sugerem que estar engajado no trabalho é um atributo constante para gestores independentemente da posição gerencial ao passo que a habilidade política na organização se mostrou gradativamente maior a cada evolução no nível hierárquico.
Implicações práticas – Espera-se que programas de desenvolvimento de lideranças considerem o peso da habilidade política em suas ações e planejamentos, em especial para atividades em que a necessidade de negociar, influenciar e desenvolver networking seja crucial. O estudo indica que a junção de engajamento e habilidade política apresenta-se como uma oportunidade a ser explorada na busca de ascensão hierárquica.
Contribuições – Os achados expandem o conhecimento atual sobre a relações entre os construtos do estudo ao apresentar indícios de suas interações intrínsecas com a posição hierárquica dos gestores.
Palavras-chave: nível hierárquico, habilidade política, engajamento, gestores.
Citas
Agnst, R., Benevides-Pereira, A. M. T., & Porto-Martins, P. C. (2009). UWES Utrecht Work Engagement Scale: Escala de Engagement no Trabalho de Utrecht. http://www.wilmarschaufeli.nl/publications/Schaufeli/Test%20Manuals/Test_manual_UWES_Brazil.pdf
Anzengruber, J., Goetz, M. A., Nold, H., & Woelfle, M. (2017). Effectiveness of managerial capabilities at different hierarchical levels. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(2), 134-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMP-12-2015-0451.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476.
Basit, A. A. (2020). How does political skill lead to job and organization engagement? Role of self-evaluations. Journal of Management Development, 39(7/8), 895-910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMD-05-2019-0164.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 14(5), 03090599010135122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090599010135122.
Bolino, M., Long, D., & Turnley, W. (2016). Impression management in organizations: Critical questions, answers, and areas for future research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 377-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurevorgpsych-041015-062337.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Conselho Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa. (2022). Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa. http://conselho.saude.gov.br/comissoes-cns/conep/
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Publications.
Carasco-Saul, M., Kim, W., & Kim, T. (2015). Leadership and employee engagement: Proposing research agendas through a review of literature. Human Resource Development Review, 14(1), 38-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534484314560406.
Chaudhary, R., & Akhouri, A. (2019). CSR perceptions and employee creativity: Examining serial mediation effects of meaningfulness and work engagement. Social Responsibility Journal, 15(1), 61-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-01-2018-0018.
Chen, H., Jiang, S., & Wu, M. (2021). How important are political skills for career success? A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(19), 3942-3968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1949626.
Chernick, M. R., & Labudde, R. A. (2014). An introduction to bootstrap methods with applications to R. John Wiley & Sons.
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x.
Cleff, T. (2019). Applied statistics and multivariate data analysis for business and economics: A modern approach using SPSS, Stata, and Excel. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17767-6.
Day, D. V., & Schleicher, D. J. (2006). Self‐monitoring at work: A motive‐based perspective. Journal of Personality, 74(3), 685-713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00389.x. PMid:16684250.
De Moraes, R. M., & Teixeira, A. J. C. (2020). Managers, engagement and political behaviors: A nonlinear relationship. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 24, 218-231. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2020180255.
De Moraes, R. M., Istoe, R. S. C., & Miranda, V. A. (2023). Political skill in organizations: Paths of an evolving concept. Revista de Administração da UFSM, 16(2), e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465971331.
Dechurch, L., Hiller, N., Murasea, T., Doty, D., & Salas, E. (2010). Leadership across levels: Levels of leaders and their levels of impact. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 1069-1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.009.
Decuypere, A., & Schaufeli, W. (2020). Leadership and work engagement: Exploring explanatory mechanisms. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(1), 69-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397002219892197.
Downey, J. A. (2008). Hierarchy and happiness: The influence of emotion on administrative job satisfaction. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 32(8), 597-606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10668920600859996.
Efron, B., & Narasimhan, B. (2020). The automatic construction of bootstrap confidence intervals. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 29(3), 608-619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2020.1714633.PMid:33727780.
Ewen, C., Wihler, A., Blickle, G., Oerder, K., Ellen Iii, B. P., Douglas, C., & Ferris, G. R. (2013). Further specification of the leader political skill–leadership effectiveness relationships: Transformational and transactional leader behavior as mediators. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(4), 516-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.03.006.
Ferrando, P. J., Navarro-González, D., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2019). Assessing the quality and effectiveness of the factor score estimates in psychometric factor-analytic applications. Methodology, 15(3), 119-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000170.
Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Brouer, R. L., & Munyon, T. P. (2012). Political skill in the organizational sciences. In G. R. Ferris & D. C. Treadway (Eds.), Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations (pp. 521-562). Routledge.
Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D. D. (2005). Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of Management, 31(1), 126-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271386.
Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Perrewé, P. L., Brouer, R. L., Douglas, C., & Lux, S. (2007). Political skill in organizations. Journal of Management, 33(3), 290-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300813.
Fuller, J. B., Morrison, R., Jones, L., Bridger, D., & Brown, V. (1999). The effects of psychological empowerment on transformational leadership and job satisfaction. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(3), 389-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598396.
Garden, R., Hu, X., Zhan, Y., & Wei, F. (2018). The role of workplace popularity: Links to employee characteristics and supervisor-rated outcomes. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25(1), 19-29. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/1548051817712876.
Garg, K., Dar, I. A., & Mishra, M. (2018). Job satisfaction and work engagement: A study using private sector bank managers. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 20(1), 58-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422317742987.
Halbesleben, J. R. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources, and consequences. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (Vol. 8, pp. 102-117). New York: Psychology Press.
Harris, J. N., Maher, L. P., & Ferris, G. R. (2016). The roles of political skill and political will in job performance prediction: A moderated nonlinear perspective. In E. Vigoda-Gadot & A Drory (Eds.), Handbook of organizational politics: Looking back and to the future (Vol. 2, pp. 15-39). Northampton: Edward Elgar. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781784713492.00007.
Hernández, A., Hidalgo, M. D., Hambleton, R. K., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2020). International Test Commission guidelines for test adaptation: A criterion checklist. Psicothema, 32(3), 390-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.7334/ psicothema2019.306. PMid:32711675.
Hetland, J., Hetland, H., Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2018). Daily transformational leadership and employee job crafting: The role of promotion focus. European Management Journal, 36(6), 746-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.01.002.
Hill, N. S., Seo, M. G., Kang, J. H., & Taylor, M. S. (2012). Building employee commitment to change across organizational levels: The influence of hierarchical distance and direct managers’ transformational leadership.Organization Science, 23(3), 758-777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1110.0662.
Kane-Frieder, R. E., Hochwarter, W. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2014). Terms of engagement: Political boundaries of work engagement–work outcomes relationships. Human Relations, 67(3), 357-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726713495068.
Kaur, K., & Randhawa, G. (2021). Exploring the influence of supportive supervisors on organisational citizenship behaviours: Linking theory to practice. IIMB Management Review, 33(2), 156-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2021.03.012.
Kim, T. T., Karatepe, O. M., & Chung, U. Y. (2019). Got political skill? The direct and moderating impact of political skill on stress, tension and outcomes in restaurants. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(3), 1367-1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2018-0014.
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. (2019). Work engagement interventions can be effective: A systematic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(3), 348-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1588887.
Kwon, K., & Kim, T. (2020). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2), 100704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704.
Lai, F. Y., Tang, H. C., Lu, S. C., Lee, Y. C., & Lin, C. C. (2020). Transformational leadership and job performance: The mediating role of work engagement. SAGE Open, 10(1), 2158244019899085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899085.
Lazreg, C., & Lakhal, L. (2022). The downside of managers: The moderator role of political skill & deceptive situation. Acta Psychologica, 228, 103619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103619. PMid:35661974.
Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936-949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7. PMid:26174714.
Li, P., Sun, J. M., Taris, T. W., Xing, L., & Peeters, M. C. (2021). Country differences in the relationship between leadership and employee engagement: A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(1), 101458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101458.
Lord, R. G., & Hall, R. J. (2005). Identity, deep structure and the development of leadership skill. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(4), 591-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.06.003.
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2013). Factor 9.2: A comprehensive program for fitting exploratory and semiconfirmatory factor analysis and IRT models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37(6), 497-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621613487794.
Lu, C. Q., Wang, H. J., Lu, J. J., Du, D. Y., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Does work engagement increase person–job fit? The role of job crafting and job insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 142-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.12.004.
Ma, S., Kor, Y. Y., & Seidl, D. (2020). CEO advice seeking: An integrative framework and future research agenda. Journal of Management, 46(6), 771-805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206319885430.
Mahajan, A., & Templer, A. (2021). Leader political skill, influence tactics, and member performance: Supplementary, complementary and contrasting perspectives. Journal of Business Research, 133, 242-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.049.
Maher, L. P., Ejaz, A., Nguyen, C. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2021). Forty years of political skill and will in organizations: A review, meta-theoretical framework and directions for future research. Career Development International, 27(1), 5-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CDI-07-2021-0191.
Mazzetti, G., Robledo, E., Vignoli, M., Topa, G., Guglielmi, D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2021). Work engagement: A meta-analysis using the job demands-resources model. Psychological Reports, 126(3), 1069-1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00332941211051988. PMid:34886729.
McDonald, R. P. (2013). Test theory: A unified treatment. Psychology Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410601087.
Mehmood, Q., Hamstra, M. R., & Schreurs, B. (2019). Employees’ perceptions of their manager’s authentic leadership: Considering managers’ political skill and gender. Personnel Review, 49(1), 202-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2019-0097.
Mintzberg, H. (2009). Managing. Pearson.
Mumford, T. V., Campion, M. A., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). The leadership skills strataplex: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(2), 154-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.005.
Munyon, T. P., Summers, J. K., Thompson, K. M., & Ferris, G. R. (2015). Political skill and work outcomes: A theoretical extension, meta analytic investigation, and agenda for the future. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 143-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/peps.12066.
Neuber, L., Englitz, C., Schulte, N., Forthmann, B., & Holling, H. (2022). How work engagement relates to performance and absenteeism: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 31(2), 292- 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2021.1953989.
Nikolova, I., Schaufeli, W., & Notelaers, G. (2019). Engaging leader–Engaged employees? A cross-lagged study on employee engagement. European Management Journal, 37(6), 772-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.02.004.
Odumeru, J. A., & Ogbonna, I. G. (2013). Transformational vs. transactional leadership theories: Evidence in literature. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(2), 355-361. https://www.irmbrjournal.com/paper_details.phptitle=Transformational_vs._Transactional_Leadership_Theories:_Evidence_in_Literature
Oliveira, D. D. F., & Ferreira, M. C. (2016). O impacto das percepções de justiça organizacional e da resiliência sobre o engajamento no trabalho. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 33(4), 747-755. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752016000400017.
Oliveira, L. B. D., & Rocha, J. D. C. (2017). Engajamento no trabalho: Antecedentes individuais e situacionais e sua relação com a intenção de rotatividade. Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios, 19, 415-431. http://dx.doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v19i64.3373.
Orgambídez, A., & Almeida, H. (2020). Supervisor support and affective organizational commitment: The mediator role of work engagement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 42(3), 187-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945919852426. PMid:31148516.
Pavett, C. M., & Lau, A. W. (1983). Managerial work: The influence of hierarchical level and functional specialty. Academy of Management Journal, 26(1), 170-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256144.
Philip, J. (2021). A multi-study approach to examine the interplay of proactive personality and political skill in job crafting. Journal of Management & Organization, 29(2), 207-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.1.
Porto-Martins, P. C., Machado, P. G. B., & BenevidesPereira, A. M. T. (2013). Engagement no trabalho: Uma discussão teórica. Fractal, 25(4), 629-644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-02922013000300013.
R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for StatisticalComputing. https://www.r-project.org/
Sacavem, A., Martinez, L. F., Cunha, J. V., Abreu, A. M., & Johnson, S. K. (2017). Charismatic leadership: A study on delivery styles, mood, and performance. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 11(3), 21-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jls.21519.
Saks, A. M. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement revisited. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6(1), 19-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2018-0034.
Salama, R., Uzunboylu, H., & El Muti, M. A. (2020). Implementing online questionnaires and surveys by using mobile applications. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(2), 48-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v7i2.5016.
Schaufeli, W. (2012). Work engagement: What do we know and where do we go? Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(1), 3-10.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471.
Schobel, J., Schickler, M., Pryss, R., & Reichert, M. (2015). Process-driven data collection with smart mobile devices. In V. Monfort & K. H. Krempels (Eds.), Web Information Systems and Technologies. WEBIST 2014. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing (Vol. 226,
pp. 347-362). Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27030-2_22.
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A selfconcept based theory. Organization Science, 4(4), 577-594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.4.577.
Siangchokyoo, N., Klinger, R. L., & Campion, E. D. (2020). Follower transformation as the linchpin of transformational leadership theory: A systematic review and future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(1), 101341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101341.
Sternad, D. (2020). Effective management: Developing yourself, others and organizations. Springer.
Sun, S., Burke, M., Chen, H., Tan, Y., Zhang, J., & Hou, L. (2022). Mitigating the psychologically detrimental effects of supervisor undermining: Joint effects of voice and political skill. Human Relations, 75(1), 87-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726721992849.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2021). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023353.PMid:21500916.
Van Berkel, N., Ferreira, D., & Kostakos, V. (2017). The experience sampling method on mobile devices. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(6), 1-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3123988.
Vigoda‐Gadot, E., & Meisler, G. (2010). Emotions in management and the management of emotions: The impact of emotional intelligence and organizational politics on public sector employees. Public Administration Review, 70(1), 72-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02112.x.
Westley, F., & Mintzberg, H. (1989). Visionary leadership and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 10(S1), 17-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250100704.
Yang, F., & Zhang, L. (2014). An examination of when and how leader political skill influences team performance in China: A cultural value perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17(4), 286-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/
ajsp.12079
Una vez aprobada la publicación del artículo, el/los autor/es cede/n los derechos de copyright a la Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios – RBGN.
Es OBLIGATORIO que los autores envíen a la RBGN el formulario de Cesión de Derechos de Autor debidamente cumplimentado y firmado según el modelo: [Derechos de autor]
Las condiciones de la Cesión de Derechos de Autor indican que la Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios – RBGN goza a título gratuito y en carácter definitivo de los derechos de autor patrimoniales de los artículos publicados por ella. A pesar de la Cesión de los Derechos de Autor, la RBGN faculta a los autores al uso de estos derechos sin restricciones.
Los autores se responsabilizan de los textos publicados en la RBGN.
La RBGN adopta el modelo de licencia CC-BY Creative Commons Attribution 4.0, permitiendo la redistribución y reutilización de los artículos garantizando que la autoría esté debidamente acreditada.