Integrated Reporting and Earnings Quality: An Analysis in the Brazilian Context
PDF

Keywords

Integrated Reporting
Sustainability
ESG
Earnings Quality

How to Cite

Zaro, E. S., Araujo, A. Y. M., & Zaro, C. S. (2024). Integrated Reporting and Earnings Quality: An Analysis in the Brazilian Context. Review of Business Management, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v26i4.4280

Abstract

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the relationship between the adoption of Integrated Reporting and earnings quality in the Brazilian context.

Theoretical framework – Earnings quality can signal a more sustainable, ethical, and transparent behavior by company management. Therefore, it can serve as an indicator of changes in management practices associated with the implementation of integrated thinking.

Design/methodology/approach – The study employed a panel data model, considering a sample of 630 observations from non-financial Brazilian companies from 2017 to 2020. The data for companies adopting integrated reporting were collected manually from the companies' corporate disclosures.

Findings – Analyzing the quality of integrated reporting revealed a significant relationship with earnings quality. This may indicate that these companies are making internal changes regarding information transparency, and it is also expected that they experience less pressure to deliver short-term results.

Research Practical & Social implications – The research findings are relevant for shareholders, highlighting how integration can drive internal changes within the company. For regulators and society, it presents an opportunity to anticipate the effects of adopting ISSB standards, as this body has incorporated the IIRC.

Originality/value – It allows for indirect observation of changes in company management and managerial opportunism. Brazil presents a relevant context due to the publication of oCPC 09 and the high number of adopters of integrated reporting.

https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v26i4.4280
PDF

References

Arvidsson, S., & Dumay, J. (2022). Corporate ESG reporting quantity, quality and performance: Where to now for environmental policy and practice? Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(3), 1091–1110. doi:10.1002/bse.2937

Bandara, S; Wijesinghe, N. (2023). Improving Quality of Information: Does Integrated Reporting matter? Evidence from Sri Lankan Listed Companies. Journal of Accounting, Business and Management, 30(2), 86-109, https://doi.org/10.31966/jabminternational.v30i2.884.

Barth, M. E., Cahan, S. F., Chen, L., & Venter, E. R. (2017). The economic consequences associated with integrated report quality: Capital market and real effects. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 62, 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2017.08.005

Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2010). Individual and Corporate Social Responsibility. Economica, 77(305), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2009.00843.x

Bernardi, C., & Stark, A. W. (2018). Environmental, social and governance disclosure, integrated reporting, and the accuracy of analyst forecasts. The British Accounting Review, 50(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2016.10.001

Bose, S., & Yu, C. (2023). Does Earnings Quality Influence Corporate Social Responsibility Performance? Empirical Evidence of the Causal Link. Abacus, 59(2), 493–540. https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12286

Botosan, C. A. (1997). Disclosure Level and the Cost of Equity Capital. The Accounting Review, 72(3), 323–349. https://doi.org/10.2307/248475

Busco, C., Malafronte, I., Pereira, J., & Starita, M. G. (2019). The determinants of companies’ levels of integration: Does one size fit all? The British Accounting Review, 51(3), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2019.01.002

Cavalcanti, J., Amaral, H., Correia, L., & Roma, C. (2020). Do intangible assets matter to financial analysts in the Brazilian stock market? Review of Business Management, 22(Special Issue), 518–538. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v22i0.4063

Chouaibi, J., & Hichri, A. (2021). Effect of the auditor’s behavioral and individual characteristics on integrated reporting quality: evidence from European companies. International Journal of Law and Management, 63(2), 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-04-2020-0109

Dai, Z. (2024). ESG performance and improvement of corporate accounting information quality. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management, 37, 184–202. https://doi.org/10.54097/k3wtnn35

de Villiers, C., & Dimes, R. (2023). Will the formation of the International Sustainability Standards Board result in the death of integrated reporting? Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 19(2), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAOC-05-2022-0084

Dechow, P., Ge, W., & Schrand, C. (2010). Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2–3), 344–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.001

Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1995). Detecting Earnings Management. In The Accounting Review (Vol. 70, Issue 2, pp. 193–225). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

DeFond, M. L. (2010). Earnings quality research: Advances, challenges and future research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2–3), 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.10.004

Dhaliwal, D. S., Li, O. Z., Tsang, A., & Yang, Y. G. (2011). Voluntary Nonfinancial Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital: The Initiation of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting. The Accounting Review, 86(1), 59–100. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000005

Dhaliwal, D. S., Li, O. Z., Tsang, A., & Yang, Y. G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility disclosure and the cost of equity capital: The roles of stakeholder orientation and financial transparency. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 33(4), 328–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2014.04.006

Dhaliwal, D. S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A., & Yang, Y. G. (2012). Nonfinancial Disclosure and Analyst Forecast Accuracy: International Evidence on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. The Accounting Review, 87(3), 723–759. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10218

Eccles, R. (2012). Get Ready: Mandated Integrated Reporting Is The Future of Corporate Reporting (Issue 53306, p. 5). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Eccles, R. G., & Krzus, M. P. (2014). The Integrated Reporting Movement: Meaning, Momentum, Motives, and Materiality. In John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Vol. 1, p. 311). http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=108426990&lang=de&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid

El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Kwok, C. C. Y., & Mishra, D. R. (2011). Does corporate social responsibility affect the cost of capital? Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(9), 2388–2406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2011.02.007

Fasan, M., Gotti, G., Kang, T., & Liu, Y. (2016). Language FTR and Earnings Management: International Evidence. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–50. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2763922

Flores, E., Fasan, M., Mendes‐da‐Silva, W., & Sampaio, J. O. (2019). Integrated reporting and capital markets in an international setting: The role of financial analysts. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(7), 1465–1480. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2378

Gray, R., Owen, D., & Adams, C. (1996). Accounting & Accountability: Changes and Challenges in Corporate Social and Environmental Reporting. Prentice Hall Europe.

Hail, L., & Leuz, C. (2006). International Differences in the Cost of Equity Capital: Do Legal Institutions and Securities Regulation Matter? Journal of Accounting Research, 44(3), 485–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2006.00209.x

Haji, A. A., & Anifowose, M. (2016). The trend of integrated reporting practice in South Africa: ceremonial or substantive? Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 7(2), 190–224. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-11-2015-0106

Habib, A., Ranasinghe, D., Wu, J. Y., Biswas, P. K., & Ahmad, F. (2022). Real earnings management: A review of the international literature. Accounting & Finance, 62 (4), 4279–4344. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12968

Habib, A. M. (2023). Does real earnings management affect a firm’s environmental, social, and governance (ESG), financial performance, and total value? A moderated mediation analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03809-6

Haller, A., & van Staden, C. (2014). The value added statement – an appropriate instrument for Integrated Reporting. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 27(7), 1190–1216. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-04-2013-1307

Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A Review of the Earnings Management Literature and Its Implications for Standard Setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365–383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365

Hichri, A. & Alqatan, A. (2024), "Exploring integrated reporting's influence on international firms' value relevance", International Journal of Ethics and Systems, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-11-2023-0249

Hong, H. A., Hung, M., & Lobo, G. J. (2014). The Impact of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on IPOs in Global Capital Markets. Accounting Review, 89(4), 1365–1397. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50720

Hubbard, R. G. (1997). Capital-Market Imperfections and Investment. https://doi.org/10.3386/w5996

International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). (2021). The state of play in sustainability assurance (issue June). https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/IFAC-Benchmarking-Global-Practice-Sustainability-Assurance.pdf

International Integrated Reporting Council IIRC. (2013). The International Framework. http://www.theiirc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/13-12-08-THE-INTERNATIONAL-IR-FRAMEWORK-2-1.pdf

Khurana, I. K., & Raman, K. K. (2004). Litigation Risk and the Financial Reporting Credibility of Big 4 versus Non-Big 4 Audits: Evidence from Anglo-American Countries. The Accounting Review, 79(2), 473–495. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2004.79.2.473

Kim, Y., Park, M. S., & Wier, B. (2012). Is Earnings Quality Associated with Corporate Social Responsibility? The Accounting Review, 87(3), 761–796. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10209

Lana, J., Marcon, R., Bandeira-de-Mello, R., & Xavier, W. (2017). Financial dimension of internationalization: serving two masters. Corporate Governance, 17(2), 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-05-2016-0110

Lourenço, I. M. E. C., & Branco, M. E. M. de A. D. C. (2015). Main Consequences of IFRS Adoption: Analysis of Existing Literature and Suggestions for Further Research. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 26(68), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201500090

Mio, C., Zaro, E. S., & Fasan, M. (2020). Are loyalty shares an effective antidote against short‐termism? Empirical evidence from Italy. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(4), 1785–1796. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2473

Obeng, V. A., Ahmed, K., & Miglani, S. (2020). Integrated reporting and earnings quality: The moderating effect of agency costs. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 60(September 2019), 101285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101285

Pizzi, S., Rosati, F., & Venturelli, A. (2021). The determinants of business contribution to the 2030 Agenda: Introducing the SDG Reporting Score. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(1), 404-421. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2628

PWC. (2013). Integrated Reporting. Companies struggle to explain what value they create (Issue November). https://www.pwc.nl/nl/assets/documents/ir-opmars-geintegreerde-verslaggeving-stagneert.pdf

Radwan, S.R.A., Xiongyuan, W. (2024), "The value relevance of integrated reporting quality: evidence from Asia", Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi-org.ez50.periodicos.capes.gov.br/10.1108/JFRA-10-2023-0584

Raghunandan, A., & Rajgopal, S. (2022). Do ESG funds make stakeholder-friendly investments? Review of Accounting Studies, 27(3), 822–863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-022-09693-1

Renneboog, L., Ter Horst, J., & Zhang, C. (2008). Socially responsible investments: Institutional aspects, performance, and investor behavior. Journal of Banking & Finance, 32(9), 1723–1742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.12.039

Rezaee, Z., & Tuo, L. (2019). Are the Quantity and Quality of Sustainability Disclosures Associated with the Innate and Discretionary Earnings Quality? Journal of Business Ethics, 155(3), 763–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3546-y

Sanches, S., Favato, K., Slewinski, E., & Neumann, M. (2020). Sensemaking of Financial Institution Actors in the Adoption and Elaboration of Integrated Reporting. Review of Business Management, 22(3), 628–646. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v22i3.4067

Serafeim, G. (2015). Integrated Reporting and Investor Clientele. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 27(2), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/jacf.12116

Soriya, S., & Rastogi, P. (2021). A systematic literature review on integrated reporting from 2011 to 2020. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-09-2020-0266

Srivastav, A., & Hagendorff, J. (2016). Corporate Governance and Bank Risk-taking. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 24(3), 334–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12133

United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. New York

Velte, P. (2021). Environmental performance, carbon performance and earnings management: Empirical evidence for the European capital market. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2030

Vitolla, F., Raimo, N., & Rubino, M. (2020). Board characteristics and integrated reporting quality: an agency theory perspective. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2), 1152–1163. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1879

Vitolla, F., Raimo, N., Rubino, M., & Garzoni, A. (2019). How pressure from stakeholders affects integrated reporting quality. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(6), csr.1850. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1850

Zaro, E. (2015). Análise comparativa de relatos integrados das empresas brasileiras a luz da estrutura conceitual. (Dissertação de Mestrado). Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis, Brasil. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/134964

Zaro, E., Flores, E., Fasan, M., Murcia, F. D.-R., & Zaro, C. S. (2022). Voluntary adoption of integrated reporting, effective legal system and the cost of equity. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-03-2021-0096

Zaro, E. (2021). Relato Integrado e a divulgação corporativa para a sustentabilidade. Revista Mineira de Contabilidade, 22(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.51320/rmc.v22i1.1329

Zhou, S., Simnett, R., & Green, W. (2017). Does Integrated Reporting Matter to the Capital Market? Abacus, 53(1), 94–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12104

If a paper is approved for publication, its copyright has to be transferred by the author(s) to the Review of Business Management – RBGN.

Accordingly, authors are REQUIRED to send RBGN a duly completed and signed Copyright Transfer Form. Please refer to the following template: [Copyright Transfer]

The conditions set out by the Copyright Transfer Form state that the Review of Business Management – RBGN owns, free of charge and permanently, the copyright of the papers it publishes. Although the authors are required to sign the Copyright Transfer Form, RBGN allows authors to hold and use their own copyright without restrictions.

The texts published by RBGN are the sole responsibility of their authors.

The review has adopted the CC-BY Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 allowing redistribution and reuse of papers on condition that the authorship is properly credited.